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Diclofenac

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
CATEGORIES

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors


ALIASES

Adacium rapid, Algosenac, Allvoran, Almiral, Apo-diclo, Arestin, Arthrex, Arthrotec forte, Arthrotec®, Artotec, Baifenac, Batafil, Catafast, Cataflam, Clafen, Combaren, Dedolor, Deflamat, Delimon, Di-retard, Diclac, Diclachexal, Diclo, Diclo Divido, Diclo KD, Diclo-CT, Diclo-Denk, Diclo-Klinge, Diclo-Mepha, Diclo-Natrium, Diclo-SR, Diclo-XL, Diclo-b, Diclo-saar, Diclo-weimer, DicloDuo, DicloJet, Dicloabak, Diclobene, Dicloberl, Dicloberl N, Diclodan, Diclofan, Diclofenac AL, Diclofenac AbZ, Diclofenac Acis, Diclofenac BMM Pharma, Diclofenac Bluefish, Diclofenac Denk, Diclofenac Devatis, Diclofenac ELC, Diclofenac Fidia, Diclofenac Hamlen, Diclofenac Heumann, Diclofenac IBSA, Diclofenac Meda, Diclofenac Medreich, Diclofenac Orifarm, Diclofenac Panpharma, Diclofenac Puren, Diclofenac Ratiopharm, Diclofenac Spezial, Diclofenac T ratiopharm, Diclofenac Temmler, Diclofenac Zentiva, Diclofenac-Natrium Fidia, Diclofenac-Natrium Micro Labs, Diclofenac-Natrium Stragen, Diclofenac/Misoprostol Cipla, Diclofenaco, Diclofenacum, Diclofenbeta, Diclogen, Diclolaph, Diclomax, Diclomel, Diclomelan, Diclon, Diclopax, Diclorapid, Dicloratio, Dicloreum, Diclostad, Diclotard, Diclotin, Diclovit, Diclowal, Dicuno, Diep, Difadol, Difen UD, Difenassium, Difend, Difene, Dignofenac, Diklofenak ABECE, Diklofenak Apofri, Diklofenak Mylan, Diklofenak Orifarm, Diklofenak Sandoz, Diklofenak T ABECE, Diklofenak T Actavis, Diklofenak T Apofri, Diklofenak T Orifarm, Diklofenak/Misoprostol Actavis, Diklok, Diklotab, Diotem, Dolacen, Dolgit-Diclo, Dolmina, Dolo-Voltaren, Dolotren, Dolpasse, Dorcalor, Dylojet, Econac, Eeze, Eezeneo, Effekton, Eminocs, Enstar, Evinopon, Feloran, Fenacta, Fenadol, Fender, Fenil-V, Fenoclof, Flamatak, Flameril, Flamphar, Flector®, Flefarmin, Flogofenac, Fortedol, Ignorin, Indicam, Inforce, Instantin, Itami, Itamifast, Jutafenac, Kaneff, Kappadi, Klofen, Kyflam, Majamil, Misofenac, Modifenac, Monoflam, Motifene, Myogit, N-diclofenac, Naklofen, Neodolpasse, Neurofenac, Normulen, Novapirina, Olfen, Otriflu, Painex, Polyflam, Prfenac, Proff Diclo, Refen, Remethan, Rewodina, Rheumavek, Ruvominox, Sigafenac, Slofenac, Solacutan, Solaraze, Solareze, Spraymik, Tratul, Uno, Urigon, Veral, Volraman, Volsaid, Voltadvance, Voltaren, Voltarol, Voltatabs, Voltfast, Vostar, Vurdon, Xelaran


SUBSTANCES

diclofenac, diclofenac diethylamine, diclofenac epolamine, diclofenac potassium, diclofenac sodium


ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: HIGH
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt. [PubChem]

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VERIFIED EFFECT
HIGH

REFERENCES

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  2. Kosma, C. I., D. A. Lambropoulou and T. A. Albanis (2010). Occurrence and removal of PPCPs in municipal and hospital wastewaters in Greece. Journal of Hazardous Materials 179 (1-3): 804-817.
  3. Samaras, V. G., A. S. Stasinakis, D. Mamais, N. S. Thomaidis and T. D. Lekkas (2013). Fate of selected pharmaceuticals and synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds during wastewater treatment and sludge anaerobic digestion. Journal of Hazardous Materials 244–245 (0): 259-267.
  4. Yu, Y., L. Wu and A. C. Chang (2013). Seasonal variation of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants. Science of The Total Environment 442 (0): 310-316.
  5. Yang, X., R. C. Flowers, H. S. Weinberg and P. C. Singer (2011). Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant. Water Research 45 (16): 5218-5228.
  6. Busetti, F., K. L. Linge and A. Heitz (2009). Analysis of pharmaceuticals in indirect potable reuse systems using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1216 (31): 5807-5818.
  7. Verlicchi, P., M. Al Aukidy, A. Galletti, M. Petrovic and D. Barceló (2012). Hospital effluent: Investigation of the concentrations and distribution of pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment. Science of The Total Environment 430 (0): 109-118.
  8. Santos, L. H. M. L. M., M. Gros, S. Rodriguez-Mozaz, C. Delerue-Matos, A. Pena, D. Barceló and M. C. B. S. M. Montenegro (2013). Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: Identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals. Science of The Total Environment 461–462 (0): 302-316.
  9. Zorita, S., L. Mårtensson and L. Mathiasson (2009). Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in a municipal sewage treatment system in the south of Sweden. Science of The Total Environment 407 (8): 2760-2770.
  10. Kosma, C. I., D. A. Lambropoulou and T. A. Albanis (2014). Investigation of PPCPs in wastewater treatment plants in Greece: Occurrence, removal and environmental risk assessment. Science of The Total Environment 466–467 (0): 421-438.
  11. Gómez, M. J., M. J. Martínez Bueno, S. Lacorte, A. R. Fernández-Alba and A. Agüera (2007). Pilot survey monitoring pharmaceuticals and related compounds in a sewage treatment plant located on the Mediterranean coast. Chemosphere 66 (6): 993-1002.
  12. Stasinakis, A. S., N. S. Thomaidis, O. S. Arvaniti, A. G. Asimakopoulos, V. G. Samaras, A. Ajibola, D. Mamais and T. D. Lekkas (2013). Contribution of primary and secondary treatment on the removal of benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles, endocrine disruptors, pharmaceuticals and perfluorinated compounds in a sewage treatment plant. Science of The Total Environment 463–464 (0): 1067-1075.
  13. Du, B., A. E. Price, W. C. Scott, L. A. Kristofco, A. J. Ramirez, C. K. Chambliss, J. C. Yelderman and B. W. Brooks (2014). Comparison of contaminants of emerging concern removal, discharge, and water quality hazards among centralized and on-site wastewater treatment system effluents receiving common wastewater influent. Science of The Total Environment 466–467 (0): 976-984.
  14. Martín, J., D. Camacho-Muñoz, J. L. Santos, I. Aparicio and E. Alonso (2012). Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and sludge from wastewater treatment plants: Removal and ecotoxicological impact of wastewater discharges and sludge disposal. Journal of Hazardous Materials 239–240 (0): 40-47.
  15. Teijon, G., L. Candela, K. Tamoh, A. Molina-Díaz and A. R. Fernández-Alba (2010). Occurrence of emerging contaminants, priority substances (2008/105/CE) and heavy metals in treated wastewater and groundwater at epurbaix facility (Barcelona, Spain). Science of The Total Environment 408: 3584-3595.
  16. Ferrari, B., Paxéus, N., Lo Giudice, R., Pollio, A., Garric, J. (2003) Ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals found in treated wastewaters: study of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and diclofenac. Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 55, 359-370.
  17. Saravanan, M., Karthika, S., Malarvizhi, A., Ramesh, M. (2011) Ecotoxicological impacts of clofibric acid and diclofenac in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings: Hematological, biochemical, ionoregulatory and enzymological responses. J. Hazard. Mater. 195, 188-194.
  18. Mehinto, A.C., Hill, E.M., Tyler C.R. (2010) Uptake and Biological Effects of Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of the Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Pharmaceutical Diclofenac in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 2176-2182.
  19. Havs- och vattenmyndigheten. Havs- och vattenmyndighetens föreskrifter om klassificering och miljökvalitetsnormer avseende ytvatten. HVMFS 2013:19.
  20. Goodpoint. Jämförande bedömning av miljörisk vid användning av diklofenak, naproxen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, etoricoxib, celecoxib samt paracetamol. Stockholm; Goodpoint; 2019.
  21. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. Fick J, Lindberg RH, Kaj L, Brorström-Lundén E. Results from the Swedish National Screening Programme 2010. Subreport 3. Pharmaceuticals.
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  23. Fick J, Lindberg RH, Parkkonen J, Arvidsson B, Tysklind M, Larsson DG. Therapeutic levels of levonorgestrel detected in blood plasma of fish: results from screening rainbow trout exposed to treated sewage effluents. Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44:2661-6.
  24. Fick J, Lindberg RH, Tysklind M, Larsson DG. Predicted critical environmental concentrations for 500 pharmaceuticals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010;58:516-23.
  25. Näslund J, Fick J, Asker N, Ekman E, Larsson DGJ, Norrgren L. Diclofenac affects kidney histology in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) at low μg/L concentrations. Aquat Toxicol. 2017;189:87-96.
  26. Helmfrid I, Eriksson Cajsa. Läkemedelsrester från sjukhus och avloppsreningsverk. Universitetssjukhuset, Landstinget i Östergötland. Rapport 2010:1
  27. Provtagningar av läkemedelsrester i vatten, sediment och fisk för Region Stockholm.
  28. Naturvårdsverket. Avloppsreningsverkens förmåga att ta hand om läkemedelsrester och andra farliga ämnen. Rapport 2008
  29. Stockholms läns landsting. Förteckning över miljöbelastande läkemedel med åtgärdsförslag framtagen inom ramen för SLL:s miljöprogram 2017–2021.
  30. Schmidt M, Sørensen HT, Pedersen L. Diclofenac use and cardiovascular risks: series of nationwide cohort studies. BMJ. 2018;362:k3426.
  31. European Medical Agency - National registers of authorised medicines
  32. pCure Product Definition
  33. pCure Standard Dissolving Test

SOURCES

  1. Drugbank, The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug data with comprehensive drug target information.
  2. PubChem, PubChem is the world's largest collection of freely accessible chemical information. Search chemicals by name, molecular formula, structure, and other identifiers
  3. ECHA, The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is the driving force among regulatory authorities in implementing the EU's groundbreaking chemicals legislation for the benefit of human health and the environment as well as for innovation and competitiveness.
  4. EMA, The mission of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) is to foster scientific excellence in the evaluation and supervision of medicines, for the benefit of public and animal health in the European Union (EU).
  5. EU watch-list, Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/840 of 5 June 2018 establishing a watch list of substances for Union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament.
  6. Umweltbundesamt, Since its founding in 1974, the German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt – UBA) has been Germany’s main environmental protection agency.
  7. Naturvårdsverket, A public agency in Sweden that is responsible for environmental issues. The Agency carries out assignments on behalf of the Swedish Government relating to the environment in Sweden, the EU and internationally
  8. Läkemedelsverket, The Swedish Medical Products Agency (MPA) is the Swedish national authority responsible for regulation and surveillance of the development, manufacturing and marketing of drugs and other medicinal products.
  9. FASS, The Swedish environmental classification of pharmaceuticals at www.fass.se has now been running since October 2005. Since then a large amount of environmental information of pharmaceuticals has been published.
  10. Janusinfo, Janusinfo is providing drug information to support healthcare professionals in their everyday work. The website is the electronic means of communication of the Drug Therapeutic Committee and the Health and Medical Care Administration of the Stockholm County Council, Sweden.
DOWNLOADS
Verification statement: pCure effect towards Diclofenac
Verification report: Verified effect of pCure towards Diclofenac in Sewage Water