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Paracetamol

Analgesics
CATEGORIES

Analgesics, Narcotics, Antitussive Agents


ALIASES

ASDA, Abacat, Abdine, Acenol, Acetamol, Acifein, Actigesic, Actron, Adalgur N, Adolef, Adolomed, Afebryl, Alergical, Aletofar, Algidol, Algine, Algocalm, Algocid, Algocit, Algofen, Algon, Altermol, Altridexamol, Alvedon, Anadin, Anaflon, Analgilasa, Analgiplus, Antidol, Antigrippine, Apap, Apiredol, Apiretal, Apirodol, Apo Cetamol, Apogrip, Apotel, Apyresyn, Arafriol, Ardimol, Arfen, Ascophen, Ataralgin, Atralidon, Aurogrip, Axea, Azur, Beechams, Ben-U-Ron, Ben-u-ron, Benudol, Benylin, Bioflu, Bisolgrip, Buscopan, Béres, CC Paracetamol, Cafcold, Caffetin, Calmagrip, Calpol, Captor, Cervopyrin, CeteGrippal, Cinfagrip, Citodon, Citramon, Citrosan, Clanderon, Clocinol, Co-Codamol, Co-tipol, Codalvonil, Codanol, Codipar, Codoforme, Coffalon N, Coldrex, Coldrin, Colnidin, Combogesic, Comtrex, Contac Heißgetränk, Copyrkal, Coughgrip, Couldina, Covonia, Curadon, DI-GESIC, Dafalgan, Daleron, Delparan, Depoforte, Depon, Descontran, Die Jaenisch Apotheken Paracetamol, Diliban, Dioppex, Distalgesic, DocMohi Paracetamol, DocMorris, Docpelin, Dol-u-ron, Dolal, Dolengrip, Dolerin, Doliprane, Dolocatil, Dolomedil, Dolomidina, Dolomo, Dolopyrin, Doloramol, Dolorin, Dolostop, Doloversa, Doluxio, Dolvan, Doregrippin, Doreta, Dozol, Dr. Niederstadts Paracetamol, Dulsifeb, Easolief, Efetamol, Effaralgan, Effaralganmed, Efferadol, Efferamol, Enelfa Dr. Henk, Etos, Eu-Med P mono, EuRho Vital Paracetamol, Exbol, Excedite, Excedrin, Excedrinil, Exopon, Febrectal, Febridol, Febrifant, Febrisan, Fervex, Fibrex, Fineural, Finimal, Flucavex, Flucontrol, Fludeten, Fluimucil, Flumin, Flunathan, Flusin, Fluxin, Frenadol, Fricold, Friolgrip, GIB Paracetamol, GPA-Paracetamol, Gelo Prosed, GeloPromt, Gelocatil, Gelonida P, Gemipar, Gewadal-Pamol, Gripalnorm, Gripblocker, Gripex, Gripofleks, Griponal, Grippal, Grippostad, Grypostop, HA-Tabletten, Helm Paracetamol, Helporal, Hemicraneal, Herbin-Stodin, Hermamed, Holdofeb, Humex, Hygigal, Ibuem, Idyl, Ilvico, InfluASS, Influbene, Influcup, Intergrip, Irocophan, Ixprim, Julphar-Dol, Jumbo, Kapake, Kerngrip, Korylan, Lekadol, Lekadon, Lemsip, Leodolor, Levadol, Lisopan, Livsane, Loligrip, Lonalgal, Lonarid, Lupocet, Lupratrac, Maranza, Maratia, Maxflu, Medotramol, Medpex Paracetamol, Megapar, Melabon K, Metafn, Mexa-Vit, Mexalen, Midrid, Migraeflux MCP, Migralave, Migraleve, Migralgin, Migretil, Migräne Neuridal, Migränerton, Mipyrin, Mono Praecimed, Nealgin, Negrip, Neo Citran, Neuralgin, Neuralgin N, Night Nurse, Nilnocen, Non-drowsy, Norgesic®, Normogrip, Nuridol, Nurofen Ultima, Octadon P, Okalgrip, Omnipap, Oparap, Optipyrin, Pabiaglin, Pacimol, Padevix, Padolieve, Padolten, Padoxe Noc, Palgotal, Pamol, Panacit, Panacod, Panadeine, Panadol, Panasorbe, Panmigran, Panocod®, Panodil®, Panosfen, Pantodolor, ParASSGrippal plus Vitamin C, Para-Caf, Para-caps, Para-hot, Para-phamos, Para-tabs, Paracen, Paracet-i-med, Paraceta, Paracetamol ABECE, Paracetamol AHCL, Paracetamol Accord, Paracetamol Actavis, Paracetamol Almus, Paracetamol Alternova, Paracetamol Apofri, Paracetamol Apotex, Paracetamol Arrow, Paracetamol B. Braun, Paracetamol Banner, Paracetamol Basi, Paracetamol Biogaran, Paracetamol Cristers, Paracetamol EG, Paracetamol EQL Pharma, Paracetamol Evolan, Paracetamol Evolugen, Paracetamol Fresenius Kabi, Paracetamol Galpharm, Paracetamol Genericon, Paracetamol Genfarma, Paracetamol JGL, Paracetamol Kabi, Paracetamol Macopharma, Paracetamol Mylan, Paracetamol NET, Paracetamol Novum ABECE, Paracetamol Novum Apofri, Paracetamol Novum NET, Paracetamol Nutra Essential, Paracetamol Orifarm, Paracetamol Panpharma, Paracetamol PharmaS, Paracetamol Ranbaxy, Paracetamol Remedica, Paracetamol Renaudin, Paracetamol Sandoz, Paracetamol Teva, Paracetamol Unither, Paracetamol Zentiva, Paracetamol Zydus, Paracetamol/Codein Arrow, Paracetamol/Codein Biogaran, Paracetamol/Codein Bristol Laboratories, Paracetamol/Codein Cristers, Paracetamol/Codein EG, Paracetamol/Codein Evolan, Paracetamol/Codein Mylan, Paracetamol/Codein Sandoz, Paracetamol/Codein Teva, Paracetamol/Codein Unither, Paracetamol/Codein Vitabalans, Paracetamol/Phenylephrine Hermes, Paracetamol/caffeine Weifa, Paracetawal, Paracetduo, Paracetol, Paraceton, Paracodol, Paracoff, Paracut, Paradolor Erdbeer-Vanille, Paradon, Parafizz, Parafludeten, Paraflux, Parafusiv, Paralen, Paralgam, Paralgin, Paralief, Paralink, Paralyoc, Paramax, Paramolan, Parapax, Parapo, Parapyrex, Paratabs, Paratram, Paravance, Parcodin, Parcoten, Parcotram, Partramec, Paxiflas, Pazital, Pedicetamol, Perfalgan, Perrigo, Pharmagrip, Pharmatusgrip, Pinex, Piradol, Pirantamol, Piros, Plivadon, Poltram, Pontalsic, Prest, Propalgina, Prosinus, Protalgon, Pueriflu, Puernol, Quramol, Ralivia, Ratiopyrin, Reliv®, Remidol, Resfriol, Retortapyrin, Rhinostop, Rinomicine, Robaxisal, Rolod, Roter, Rowasip, Rubiemol, Rubophen, Saldeva, Sanador, Sanipirina, Saridon, Sinaspril, Sinebriv, Sinutab, Snip, Sofri, Solpa-plus, Solpadeine, Solpadol, Somadril comp., Somun, Sonotemp, Spalt, Spalt plus Coffein N, Spasmopan, Splentir, Stodinal, Strenduo, Sudafed, Supofen, Supophen, Supranat, Swispara, Symtram, Syndol, Tabcin, Tachifludec, Tachipirina, Tachiverde, Talorbin, Talvosilen, Tantogrip, Tantumgrip, Teedex, Temagin, Termadec, Termalgin, Termalina, Tevitamol, Theraflu, Therimin, Thomapyrin, Tipol, Titretta, Togal, Tomaket, Tomass, Tomin, Toximer P, Tracemol, Tracimol, Tradocomp, Tradol, Tramabian, Tramadol/Paracetamol AB, Tramadol/Paracetamol EG, Tramadol/Paracetamol Krka, Tramadol/Paracetamol Orion, Tramadol/Paracetamol Sandoz, Tramadol/Paracetamol Teva, Tramadox, Tramapar, Tramcet, Tramix, Tramofen, Trampalgin, Trampara, Tramylpa, Triflunex, Trigan, Tutus, Tylenol, Tylex, Ultracod, Uniflu, Valcomb, Valetol, Veganin, Vercamolo, Vicks, Vincigrip, Viralkey, Vivimed, Wick DayMed, Winadol, Wipar, Xumadol, Xymel, Yendol, Zaldiar, Zapain, Zaracet, Zeglio, Zentragress, Zilpen, Zotramid, serragrip


SUBSTANCES

paracetamol, Paracetamol DC (PVP) 284N, paracetamol dc 90 (compap l, code 0093), paracetamol dc 90 fine (apap dc-90 fine)


ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: MODERATE
Paracetamol is a water-soluble para-aminophenol derivative and ester prodrug of acetaminophen in which acetaminophen is bound to the carboxylic acid diethylglycine, with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Upon intravenous administration, propacetamol is hydrolyzed by plasma esterases into its active form acetaminophen. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated despite its widespread use, acetaminophen enters the central nervous system and acts centrally. This agent binds to cyclooxygenase (COX) and prevents the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin. A reduction in prostaglandin formation relieves pain and reduces fever. Acetaminophen may also act centrally on cannabinoid receptors and on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.

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VERIFIED EFFECT
MODERATE

REFERENCES

  1. Al-Rifai, J. H., C. L. Gabefish and A. I. Schaefer (2007). Occurrence of pharmaceutically active and non-steroidal estrogenic compounds in three different wastewater recycling schemes in Australia. Chemosphere 69, 803-815.
  2. Kosma, C. I., D. A. Lambropoulou and T. A. Albanis (2010). Occurrence and removal of PPCPs in municipal and hospital wastewaters in Greece. J Hazard Mater. 179, 804-817.
  3. Gao, P., Y. Ding, H. Li and I. Xagoraraki (2012). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a municipal wastewater treatment plant: Mass balance and removal processes. Chemosphere 88, 17-24.
  4. Yu, Y., L. Wu and A. C. Chang (2013). Seasonal variation of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants. Sci. Total. Environ. 442, 310-316.
  5. Hedgespeth, M. L., Y. Sapozhnikova, P. Pennington, A. Clum, A. Fairey and E. Wirth (2012). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in treated wastewater discharges into Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Sci. Total. Environ. 437, 1-9.
  6. Yang, X., R. C. Flowers, H. S. Weinberg and P. C. Singer (2011). Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant. Water Res 45, 5218-5228.
  7. Verlicchi, P., M. Al Aukidy, A. Galletti, M. Petrovic and D. Barceló (2012). Hospital effluent: Investigation of the concentrations and distribution of pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment. Sci. Total. Environ. 430, 109-118.
  8. Santos, L. H. M. L. M., M. Gros, S. Rodriguez-Mozaz, C. Delerue-Matos, A. Pena, D. Barceló and M. C. B. S. M. Montenegro (2013). Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: Identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals. Sci. Total. Environ. 461–462, 302-316.
  9. Kosma, C. I., D. A. Lambropoulou and T. A. Albanis (2014). Investigation of PPCPs in wastewater treatment plants in Greece: Occurrence, removal and environmental risk assessment. Sci. Total. Environ. 466–467, 421-438.
  10. Gómez, M. J., M. J. Martínez Bueno, S. Lacorte, A. R. Fernández-Alba and A. Agüera (2007). Pilot survey monitoring pharmaceuticals and related compounds in a sewage treatment plant located on the Mediterranean coast. Chemosphere 66, 993-1002.
  11. Samaras, V. G., A. S. Stasinakis, D. Mamais, N. S. Thomaidis and T. D. Lekkas (2013). Fate of selected pharmaceuticals and synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds during wastewater treatment and sludge anaerobic digestion. J. Hazard. Mater. 244–245, 259-267.
  12. Busetti, F., K. L. Linge and A. Heitz (2009). Analysis of pharmaceuticals in indirect potable reuse systems using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1216, 5807-5818.
  13. Du, B., A. E. Price, W. C. Scott, L. A. Kristofco, A. J. Ramirez, C. K. Chambliss, J. C. Yelderman and B. W. Brooks (2014). Comparison of contaminants of emerging concern removal, discharge, and water quality hazards among centralized and on-site wastewater treatment system effluents receiving common wastewater influent. Sci. Total. Environ. 466–467, 976-984.
  14. Conkle, J. L., J. R. White and C. D. Metcalfe (2008). Reduction of pharmaceutically active compounds by a lagoon wetland wastewater treatment system in Southeast Louisiana. Chemosphere 73, 1741-1748.
  15. Pedrouzo, M., F. Borrull, E. Pocurull and R. Marcé (2011). Presence of Pharmaceuticals and Hormones in Waters from Sewage Treatment Plants. Wate.r Air. Soil. Pollut. 217, 267-281.
  16. Fent, K., Weston, A., Caminada, D. (2006) Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals, Aquat Toxicol.,Volume 76, Issue 2, 122-159
  17. Nunes, B., Antunes, S., Santos, J., Martins, L., Bruno B. Castro, B. Toxic potential of paracetamol to freshwater organisms: A headache to environmental regulators? (2014), Ecotox. Enviro. Safe., Volume 107, 178-185.
  18. Correia, B., Freitas, R., Figueira, E., Amadeu A., Nunes, B., Oxidative effects of the pharmaceutical drug paracetamol on the edible clam Ruditapes philippinarum under different salinities (2016), Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, Volume 179, 116-124,
  19. Stockholm Vatten. Läkemedelsrester i Stockholms vattenmiljö. 2010. ISBN 978-91-633-6642-0.
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  21. SLL. Sammanställning av läkemedelsprovtagningar - Bearbetning av regional försäljningsstatistik av läkemedel samt datamaterial från Stockholms läns landstings mätprogram för läkemedelssubstanser i vattenmiljö, 2012–2016.
  22. Goodpoint. Jämförande bedömning av miljörisk vid användning av diklofenak, naproxen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, etoricoxib samt paracetamol. Stockholm; Goodpoint; 2018.
  23. European Medical Agency - National registers of authorised medicines
  24. pCure Product Definition
  25. pCure Standard Dissolving Test

SOURCES

  1. Drugbank, The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug data with comprehensive drug target information.
  2. PubChem, PubChem is the world's largest collection of freely accessible chemical information. Search chemicals by name, molecular formula, structure, and other identifiers
  3. ECHA, The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is the driving force among regulatory authorities in implementing the EU's groundbreaking chemicals legislation for the benefit of human health and the environment as well as for innovation and competitiveness.
  4. EMA, The mission of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) is to foster scientific excellence in the evaluation and supervision of medicines, for the benefit of public and animal health in the European Union (EU).
  5. EU watch-list, Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/840 of 5 June 2018 establishing a watch list of substances for Union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament.
  6. Umweltbundesamt, Since its founding in 1974, the German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt – UBA) has been Germany’s main environmental protection agency.
  7. Naturvårdsverket, A public agency in Sweden that is responsible for environmental issues. The Agency carries out assignments on behalf of the Swedish Government relating to the environment in Sweden, the EU and internationally
  8. Läkemedelsverket, The Swedish Medical Products Agency (MPA) is the Swedish national authority responsible for regulation and surveillance of the development, manufacturing and marketing of drugs and other medicinal products.
  9. FASS, The Swedish environmental classification of pharmaceuticals at www.fass.se has now been running since October 2005. Since then a large amount of environmental information of pharmaceuticals has been published.
  10. Janusinfo, Janusinfo is providing drug information to support healthcare professionals in their everyday work. The website is the electronic means of communication of the Drug Therapeutic Committee and the Health and Medical Care Administration of the Stockholm County Council, Sweden.
DOWNLOADS
Verification statement: pCure effect towards Paracetamol
Verification report: Verified effect of pCure towards Paracetamol in Sewage Water